486 Sensor Behaviors: Production and Review
486.1 Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter series, you will be able to:
- Classify Node Behaviors: Identify normal, degraded, failed, selfish, and malicious behaviors
- Implement Trust Management: Build reputation-based systems for detecting misbehaving nodes
- Design Failure Detection: Create algorithms to identify dumb, lazy, and Byzantine failures
- Optimize Duty Cycling: Implement energy-aware scheduling adapting to node behavior
- Manage Topology Adaptation: Design networks that reconfigure around failed or malicious nodes
- Deploy Production Systems: Apply the framework to real-world WSN security scenarios
486.2 Prerequisites
Required Chapters: - Sensor Behaviors Fundamentals - Core concepts - Sensor Fundamentals - Sensor basics - Energy Considerations - Power management
Technical Background: - Sensor state machines - Event-driven vs polling - Duty cycling concepts
Sensor Behavior Patterns:
| Pattern | Power | Latency | Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous | High | Low | Critical monitoring |
| Periodic | Medium | Medium | Environmental |
| Event-driven | Low | Variable | Motion detection |
| Adaptive | Variable | Variable | Smart systems |
Estimated Time: 1 hour (total for both chapters)
486.3 Chapter Overview
This section has been organized into focused chapters for optimal learning:
486.3.1 1. Sensor Production Framework
Time: 45 minutes | Level: Advanced
Complete production-ready Python framework for managing sensor node behaviors: - Behavior classification (6 types) - Failure detection with 9 modes - Reputation-based trust management - Adaptive duty cycling (1%-100% range) - Event-aware topology adaptation - 6 comprehensive code examples with output
486.3.2 2. Sensor Production Quiz
Time: 30 minutes | Level: Advanced
Test your understanding with real-world scenarios: - Dumb node behavior in agricultural WSN (rain attenuation diagnosis) - Safety-critical mine monitoring architecture (5-nines reliability) - Duty cycling protocol tradeoffs (S-MAC vs B-MAC) - Energy consumption analysis (radio dominance) - Social sensing effectiveness patterns
486.4 Quick Reference
Behavior Classification (6 types): - Normal, Degraded, Failed, Dumb, Selfish, Malicious
Failure Detection: - 9 failure modes with automatic diagnosis - Predictive maintenance with early warning - Dead node detection with timeout monitoring
Security and Trust: - Reputation-based trust management - Watchdog monitoring for packet forwarding - Blacklisting of misbehaving nodes - 5 trust levels from Trusted to Blacklisted
Energy Optimization: - Adaptive duty cycling (1%-100% range) - Social sensing integration - Battery-aware power management - Event-driven activation
486.5 Key Concepts Summary
Node Behavior Spectrum: 1. Normal: Perfect operation under good conditions 2. Failed: Complete inability to operate 3. Badly Failed: Operating but producing corrupted output 4. Selfish: Prioritizing self-interest over cooperation 5. Malicious: Deliberately attacking network
Dumb Nodes: - Temporary communication failure due to environment - Sensing functional, transmission impaired - Recovers when conditions improve - Requires CoRD/CoRAD for connectivity restoration
Event-Aware Management: - Adapt topology for event detection - High density during events, sparse otherwise - Balance energy vs detection requirements
Information-Theoretic Self-Management (InTSeM): - Transmit only high-information readings - 50-90% transmission reduction in stable environments - Automatic anomaly detection
Social Sensing: - Leverage social media for rare event prediction - Adjust duty cycle proactively - 90-99% energy savings for rare event monitoring
486.6 Further Reading
Node Behavior and Security: - Karlof, C., & Wagner, D. (2003). “Secure routing in wireless sensor networks: Attacks and countermeasures.” Ad Hoc Networks, 1(2-3), 293-315. - Stajano, F., & Anderson, R. (1999). “The resurrecting duckling: Security issues for ad-hoc wireless networks.” Security Protocols Workshop.
Duty Cycle and Energy Management: - Ye, W., Heidemann, J., & Estrin, D. (2002). “An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks.” IEEE INFOCOM. - Tang, L., et al. (2011). “PW-MAC: An energy-efficient predictive-wakeup MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks.” IEEE INFOCOM.
Social Sensing: - Sakaki, T., et al. (2010). “Earthquake shakes Twitter users: Real-time event detection by social sensors.” WWW Conference. - Aggarwal, C. C., & Abdelzaher, T. (2013). “Social sensing.” Managing and Mining Sensor Data, Springer.
Mine Safety Applications: - Moridi, M. A., et al. (2015). “Development of underground mine monitoring and communication system integrated Zigbee and GIS.” International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 25(5), 811-818.
486.7 References
Akyildiz, I. F., et al. (2002). “Wireless sensor networks: A survey.” Computer Networks, 38(4), 393-422.
Dressler, F., & Fischer, S. (2009). “Connecting wireless sensor networks with TCP/IP networks.” Autonomic Communication, Springer.
Wang, Q., et al. (2013). “A realistic power consumption model for wireless sensor network devices.” IEEE SECON.
Buchegger, S., & Le Boudec, J. Y. (2002). “Performance analysis of the CONFIDANT protocol.” ACM MobiHoc.
Perera, C., et al. (2015). “Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by Internet of Things.” Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 25(1), 81-93.
Deep Dives: - Sensor Behaviors Fundamentals - Behavior taxonomy - Sensor Behaviors Quiz - Assessment and applications
Comparisons: - WSN Overview - Network-wide behavior management - Energy-Aware Design - Power optimization
Applications: - Sensor Fundamentals - Hardware characteristics - Mine Safety IoT - Safety-critical systems
Design: - Network Traffic Analysis - Behavior monitoring - Network Design - Fault tolerance
Learning: - Quizzes Hub - Node behavior scenarios - Knowledge Gaps Hub - Failure detection review
486.8 What’s Next?
Start with the production framework to understand implementation details, then test your knowledge with the quiz.